JAPANESE NEWSPAPERS

-
affiliate_link Japanese newspapers  similar to their worldwide counterparts, run the gamut from general news-oriented papers to special interest newspapers devoted to economics, sports, literature, industry, and trade. Newspapers are circulated either nationally, by region (such as Kant or Kansai), by each prefecture, or by each city. Some newspapers publish as often as two times a day (morning and evening editions) while others publish weekly, monthly, quarterly, or even yearly.

affiliate_link The five leading national daily newspapers in Japan are the Asahi Shim bun, Mainichi Shim bun, the Yomiuri Shim bun, Sankei Shim bun and the Nikkei Shim bun. The first two are generally considered liberal/left leaning while the latter three are considered conservative/right leaning. The most popular national daily English-newspaper in Japan is The Japan Times.

Japanese newspapers began in the 17th century as yomiuri or kawaraban (瓦版, literally "tile-block is printing” referring to the use of clay printing blocks), which were printed handbills sold in major cities to commemorate major social gatherings or events.
The first modern newspaper was the Nagasaki Shipping List and Advertiser, which was published bi-weekly by the Englishman A. W. Hansard. The first edition appeared on 22 June 1861. In November of the same year, Hansard moved the paper to Yokohama and renamed it as the Japan Herald. In 1862, the Tokugawa shogun ate began publishing the Kaman batabiya shin bun, a translated edition of a widely distributed Dutch government newspaper. These two papers were published for foreigners, and contained only foreign news. The first Japanese daily newspaper that covered foreign and domestic news was the Yokohama Mainichi Shin bun first published in 1871.

affiliate_link Newspapers at this time can be divided into two types, and Koshi, un . People commonly referred to Ōshinbun as "political forums" because these papers were inextricably tied to the Popular Rights Movement and its demands for establishing a Diet. After the government's official announcement of the formation of the Diet, these newspapers, such as the Yokohama Mainichi Shin bun and the Chūgai shin bun, became organs of the political parties. The early readers of these newspapers mostly came from the ranks of the former samurai class.
Koshinbun, on the other hand, were more plebeian, popular newspapers that contained local news, human interest stories, and light fiction. Examples of koshinbun were the Tokyo nichinichi shin bun , the predecessor of the present day Mainichi shin bun, which began in 1872; the Yomiuri shin bun, which began in 1874; and the Asahi shin bun, which began in 1879. In the 1880s, government pressure led to a gradual weeding out of Ōshinbun, and the koshinbun started becoming more similar to the modern, "impartial" newspapers.
Related image
Throughout their history, Japanese newspapers have had a central role in issues of free speech and freedom of the press. In the period of "Taishō Democracy" in the 1910s to the 1920s, the government worked to suppress newspapers such as the Asahi shin bun for their critical stance against government bureaucracy that favored protecting citizens' rights and constitutional democracy. In the period of growing militarism to the outbreak of total war in the 1930s to the 1940s, newspapers faced intense government censorship and control. After Japan's defeat, strict censorship of the press continued as the American occupiers used government control in order to inculcate democratic and anti-communist values. In 1951, the American occupiers finally returned freedom of the press to Japan, which is the situation today based on the Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan.
Listed below is an overview of reproductions of the three major Japanese daily newspapers, the Yomiuri shin bun, the Asahi shin bun, and the Mainichi shin bun.
These historical newspapers are available in three major forms, as CD-ROMs, as microfilm, and as shukusatsuban Shukusatsuban is a technology popularized by Asahi shin bun in the 1930s as a way to compress and archive newspapers by reducing the size of the print to fit multiple pages of a daily newspaper onto one page. Shukusatsuban are geared towards libraries and archives, and are usually organized and released by month.

affiliate_link These resources are available at many leading research universities throughout the world (usually universities with reputable Japanese studies programs). One will need to check each individual library's collection for information about the availability of these sources. World Cat is a good starting point.
In 1999, the Yomiuri shin bun released a CD-ROM titled The Yomiuri shin bun in the Meiji Era, which provides a searchable index of news articles and images from the period. Subsequent CD-ROMs, The Taisho Era, The Prewar Showa Era I and The Prewar Showa Era II, were completed eight years after the project was first conceived. Postwar Recovery, the first part of a postwar Showa Era series that includes
Newspaper stories and images until 1960, is forthcoming. Issues of Yomiuri shin bun printed since 1998 are also available as an online resource through Lexis-Nexis Academic.
The Asahi shin bun has a CD-ROM database consisting of an index of headlines and sub-headlines from the years 1945–1999. A much more expensive full-text searchable database is available only at the Harvard-Yenching Library at Harvard University, which notably includes advertisements in its index. Researchers using other university libraries would probably have to first use the CD-ROM index, and then look into the microfilm or shukusatsuban versions. Microfilm versions are available from 1888; shukusatsuban versions are available from 1931. Issues of the Asahi shin bun printed since August 1984 are available through Lexis-Nexis Academic.
Microfilm versions of the Mainichi shin bun are available for the years 1984–2005, and shukusatsuban are available from 1950 to 1983. Issues of the Mainichi shin bun printed since March 27, 1998, are available through Factiva.
Image result for JAPANESE NEWSPAPERS
During the Tang Dynasty in China (618–906), the Kaiyuan Za Bao published the government news; it was block-printed onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by William Bolts, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, Hicks’s Bengal Gazette, was published by an Irishman, James Augustus Hick. He used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism.

affiliate_link

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

MIDDLE EAST

-
Image
The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa). Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest Middle Eastern nation while Bahrain is the smallest. The corresponding adjective is Middle Eastern and the derived noun is Middle Easterner. The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to the Far East) beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeri’s (excluding Azerbaijan) constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the region by a clear margin. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Balch, Assyrians, Armaments, Berbers (who primarily live in North Africa), Copts, Druze, Lures, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shaba’s, Tats, and Zazas. In the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups that form a Diaspora in the region in...
Read more

HISTORY OF BRITISH NEWSPAPERS

-
Image
The history of British newspapers dates to the 17th century with the emergence of regular publications covering news and gossip. The relaxation of government censorship in the late 17th century led to a rise in publications, which in turn led to an increase in regulation throughout the 18th century. The Times began publication in 1785 and became the leading newspaper of the early 19th century, before the lifting of taxes on newspapers and technological innovations led to a boom in newspaper publishing in the late 19th century. Mass education and increasing affluence led to new papers such as the Daily Mail emerging at the end of the 19th century, aimed at lower-middle class readers. In the early 20th century the British press was dominated by a few wealthy press barons. In a bid to increase circulation many papers included more popular and human-interest stories, as well as sports and other features. In 1969 Rupert Murdoch bought and re launched The Sun as a tabloid and soon adde...
Read more

HISTORY OF CANADIAN NEWSPAPERS

-
Image
There were five important periods in the history of Canadian newspapers' responsible for the eventual development of the modern newspaper. These are the "Transplant Period" from 1750–1800, when printing and newspapers initially came to Canada as publications of government news and proclamations; followed by the "Partisan Period from 1800–1850," when individual printers and editors played a growing role in politics. The "Nation Building Period from 1850–1900," when Canadian editors began the work of establishing a common nationalistic view of Canadian society. The "Modern period" from 1900 to 1980s saw the professionalization of the industry and the growth of chains. "Current history" since the 1990s saw outside interests take over the chains, as they faced new competition from the Internet. There were no printing presses; in this time, and no newspaper of any kind, under the French regime. All the newspapers in the British col...
Read more